Category Archives: 3. Marketing Financials

Measuring Marketing Performance

I’ve been
digging in to Victor Cook’s new book about marketing finance, "Competing for Customers and Capital" and in there’s a
lot to chew on. The essential premise of the book is that marketing adds value
not only to customers and the bottom line, but that marketing performance has a direct and measureable link to shareholder value. The more investors can measure the investment a
business makes in marketing, including the efficiency with which marketing
dollars return revenue and market share, they can develop a much clearer
picture of the company’s health and relative risk.


Cook describes
some of those measurements, and a number of differentials and derivatives, that
spotlight critical performance metrics such as a company’s marketing
efficiency, the ratio between a company’s share of market value and share of
market revenue, and the maximum earnings a company can profitably generate from
its market share. You may need to brush up on your accounting fundamentals to
fully appreciate the financial mechanics, but that’s pretty much a given if you
want to advance in marketing these days. Even if you’re rusty at numbers, the
implications of Cook’s emerging framework are stark and easy-to-understand
reminders of how marketing is being reshaped to respond to the growing
pressures for accountability.

“[Marketing
managers’ P&L statements] are not charged interest for the capital invested
in product markets. There are two important implications of this practice.
First, marketing managers will quite properly think money is free. If you’re
spending ten million bucks on an ad campaign in a company with a 12% weighted
average cost of capital, the cost of that capital does not appear on your
P&L statement. But, you say, you didn’t actually borrow the money. True,
but someone
is paying the $1.2M cost of that
capital. If the bank isn’t paying for it, then your shareholders are. Second,
if marketing managers were charged the cost of the capital they use, you would
find them giving much more serious attention to “return on investment” (ROI).
And senior managers would take their plans more seriously.” 

If that’s
not a wake-up call, let me put it in clearer terms. We’re not talking about how
well your latest campaign performed—cost per click, cost per lead, etc.—we’re talking
about how effectively your campaigns have delivered market share and profit. If
the emperor has new clothes, you can think of this as a production line of
mirrors.

More to come…

Meeting a Marketing Finance Luminary

Writing can be one of the loneliest tasks imaginable. Even when you write publicly, you often sustain long stretches of silence when you wonder whether or not anyone even reads. Responses to writing, even blogging, are few and far between, and often the responses that do come are not of the encouraging variety. But every once in a long while, someone responds to something you say in a way that makes everything worthwhile.

As a dedicated academic poser, every few months I download a big batch of articles on business and marketing from various academic journals and go on a reading binge. It can be a huge slog to get through the often opaque writing, grand theories, and rigidly defined methodologies that in the end, produce little more than the slightest philosophical tweak on what 20 other scholars have been saying for 50 years. But in the middle of what seems a big pile of academic deadwood, there are some incredible diamonds–ideas that shed light on the kabbalistic structures of market strategy, and change the way you think about business.

Victor Cook, Jr., now Professor Emeritus of Marketing at Tulane, has produced a number of those diamonds over the past 35 years. His papers on marketing strategy for the Journal of Marketing (e.g.: Understanding Marketing Strategy and Differential Advantage, 1985, Vol. 47, Issue 2)  gave me my first clues to the financial underpinnings of marketing, and what financial equations can reveal about market strategy. 

So imagine my surprise at getting an email from Victor Cook. He was just dropping me a courtesy note to let me know he had published a new book, and he had used a quote from a BusinessWeek Column I wrote years ago about marketing’s ironic inability to package and position itself as a profession. I just about fell out of my chair. Okay, I know academic marketing is the ivoriest of towers. But this wasn’t some doctoral student whose only contribution to the literature was a rehashing of 40 years of competing theories; this was someone with a history of forging important ideas. He not only read something I wrote and quoted it, but he took the time to let me know and sent me copy of his book. Well, it made my day, and my week. 

So I got a chance to spend some time on the phone with Cook, discussing the future of marketing. His new book, Competing for Customers and Capital, lays out an explicit framework for tying marketing performance to shareholder value. This is the holy grail for the next generation of CMOs, who are sorely lacking a key to the corporate boardroom. I’ve just gotten the review copy, which I’ll be pouring over and discussing here over the next few weeks. But for all the heady discussion about theory and frameworks, one story Cook told me has been ringing in my head. He developed a course to teach these financial theories of marketing to actual marketing students, but the course was challenged on the grounds that it didn’t belong in marketing, but in finance. Who challenged it? Other marketing faculty.

This revolution may take longer than expected.

The Downside of Marketing ROI

File this under: Oops.

Google’s stock has flown high on revenue from paid search and advertising. One of the most compelling motivations for allocating a bigger chunk of your marketing budget to paid search and online ads is the measurability of the click-stream. When you run an ad in, let’s say, a newspaper, you have to do a lot of engineering to create a campaign where impressions can be tracked to top-line revenue. Special discounts, special URLs or phone numbers, staggered drop dates–all just to be able to pinpoint how many people read the ad and then bought what was advertised.

On the Web, you can follow the clicks from an advertisement or listing directly through to the order page. You can adjust your campaigns to improve performance rapidly by testing different types of ads,  messages and placements until you identify the package that performs the best. Good marketing.

So Google, raking in the ad dollars hand over fist from the frenzy of marketers who want campaigns they can track, decided it would be a good idea to enhance their Advertising offering with Web analytics. If customers are coming to you because they can better track their marketing ROI, why not up the ante and provide them more powerful tools to track it? Brilliant.

Google went out and bought Urchin, a Web analytics company that’s been around for years offering  simplified reporting tools for tracking page views and visitors and other statistics about Web site performance. The plan was to provide Google’s advertisers with a way to track the click-throughs and conversions on their campaigns. They called it Google Analytics.

Unfortunately, Google went from raking in the cash to stepping on the rake and getting nailed by the handle. Forget about the debacle they had during their launch, the real story is that some users are beginning to find the analytics so useful they can slash their budget for paid search and online ads. The CEO of a well-known hosted application company told me that the analytics opened his eyes to the poor ROI of his online spend with Google, and now he’s looking for other channels to replace it.

I don’t know, is that like upselling the emperor on a big mirror so he can see the nice new clothes he just bought?

Don’t get me wrong–I think Adwords is a great product for certain types of marketing campaigns. But so many marketers have become double-fisted drinkers of the Adwords Kool-aid, I think the whole thing’s a little Bubble-icious. I just never thought it would be Google supplying the pin to pop it.

The “New” CMO

There’s an article posted in the current issue of CMO Magazine describing "The Future CMO".
You should read it, because it’s a perfect guide to how marketers can
continue to crash and burn. On the surface, the article is right on
target. It resonates perfectly with the marketer who has his back to
the wall, offering a clear antithesis
to all of the complaints about marketing coming from the boardroom, but
providing no real clue to the underlying dry rot of the marketing
practice.
"Here I come," it seems to say, "responding to the pressure for accountability with
snappy financial lingo, crisp analytics, and a  network of engineers
who respect me."
It sounds like the vision
of marketing by a clueless Marketing Executive staring lovingly in
the mirror.

The current obsession with financial issues simply reflects that
it’s through the window of performance metrics that we’re able to see
that marketing is broken. Learning financial concepts is important
because it makes your understanding of the indicators more acute–but
it doesn’t solve the problem. The CMO Magazine article articulates many
of the shortcomings of the marketing function–inability to link
programs to the bottom line, failure to integrate with other functions,
myopic focus on soft campaign measures–but seems to suggest that the
solution lies in restating attacks as declarative statements of what
marketing will be, some misty day in the future. What? You say we don’t
have metrics? Well, in the future we WILL have metrics.

What
really annoys me about this depiction of the future CMO, is that it
paints the picture of some slick executive deftly navigating the
c-level suite, as if simply rowing to the pounding drumbeat of the
current trend will open all the right doors. What the future CMO really needs to do is roll up his or her sleeves, get down in the trenches and serve sales, engage with
customers, listen to engineers, and start playing an active, service-oriented
role in the organization at the bottom first. If the future CMO can’t solve real
problems on the front lines, their lofty dream of "reaching across" the whole
organization to pull together all of the corporate elements and set strategic
direction is nothing more than a sales brochure for an expensive marketing MBA.

The most amazing section of this article is this statement:

To their surprise, the group’s findings suggest that the biggest
challenge may not be getting CEOs and CMOs to see eye to eye. One may
speak the language of revenue while the other may prefer talking about
customer satisfaction and brand awareness, but the research indicates
that these groups are on the same page when it comes to identifying a
company’s most pressing marketing concerns.

"We did not find any major difference between the CEOs and CMOs on any major topic," says McNally.

CEOs
and CMOs with no difference on the most pressing marketing concerns?
This says everything about the actual survey, which I’d love to see.
Where are CMOs and CEOs perfectly aligned? Tactical management of the
marketing function. Where are CMOs and CEOs standing on opposite sides
of a tremendous gulf? On defining the strategic contribution of
marketing to the organization. Apparently the survey didn’t dig into the debate over the ultimate role of marketing in the organization, or it polled only those executives who accept the notion that marketing is little more than managing lead generation. If you want to talk about efficiency,
CEOs and CMOs are aligned, because it’s all about tactical improvements. If you want to talk about effectiveness,
CEOs and CMOs are in different worlds, because it requires a view of marketing that includes corporate strategy.

Most CEOs in America are weaned on the Porter,
TQM, Balanced Scorecard, Core Competency, Lean Production, Six Sigma,
Resource-based mindset of corporate strategy, which essentially
relegates marketing to a line function to be managed as efficiently as
possible. Strategy is a pre-packaged mandate and the title of "CMO" is given out to
soothe the egos of glorified marketing program managers. That’s not
true at all companies of course, but it’s the mass of the bell curve.
How do CMOs change the tide? Not by dipping their oars into the surface
currents while the deeper water sweeps them out to sea.

Personally, I’m looking for a Future CMO who
has an open invitation to the strategy discussion because they have
retooled their marketing organizations from the ground up by actively
serving their internal teams as well as they serve customers; they have
engineered processes as efficient as they are effective; and they have
relevant contributions to make to the strategy debate based on real
world experience in market development, customer intimacy, competitive
positioning, and brand management. Not because they’ve learned to keep
"ROI on the tip of their tongue".